英語で読む日経サイエンス
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN March 2023
The Brain and Long COVID
コロナ後遺症 脳神経への深刻なダメージ
By Stephani Sutherland | S. サザーランド |
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Tara Ghormley has always been an overachiever. She finished at the top of her class in high school, graduated summa cum laude from college and earned top honors in veterinary school. She went on to complete a rigorous training program and build a successful career as a veterinary internal medicine specialist. But in March 2020 she got infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus—just the 24th case in the small, coastal central California town she lived in at the time, near the site of an early outbreak in the COVID pandemic. “I could have done without being first at this,” she says. | ゴームリー(Tara Ghormley)は頑張り屋さんだ。高校時代の成績はクラスで一番,大学の学部を最優等で終え,獣医学の専門課程でも優等生だった。厳格な訓練をこなして獣医内科の専門医として立派なキャリアを築いてきた。だが2020年3月,新型コロナウイルスSARS-CoV-2に感染した。パンデミック宣言から間もなく,当時住んでいたカリフォルニア州中部の海沿いの小さな町の近くでもアウトブレイクが発生し,町で24番目の感染者となった。「感染で一番にならなかったのは,まあよかったと思う」という。 | |
Almost three years after apparently clearing the virus from her body, Ghormley is still suffering. She gets exhausted quickly, her heartbeat suddenly races, and she goes through periods where she can’t concentrate or think clearly. Ghormley and her husband, who have relocated to a Los Angeles suburb, once spent their free time visiting their “happiest place on Earth”—Disneyland—but her health prevented that for more than a year. She still spends most of her days off resting in the dark or going to her many doctors’ appointments. Her early infection and ongoing symptoms make her one of the first people in the country with “long COVID,” a condition where symptoms persist for at least three months after the infection and can last for years. The syndrome is known by medical professionals as postacute sequelae of COVID-19, or PASC. | 体内からウイルスがほぼ消えてから3年近くたったいまも,ゴームリーは体調不良に苦しんでいる。すぐに疲れ,心拍が急に速まり,集中できず頭がぼんやりする時期がたびたび繰り返す。夫とともにロサンゼルス郊外に引っ越し,夫婦が「地球上で最も楽しい場所」というディズニーランドに気晴らしに行ったものの,その後は健康がすぐれず1年以上行っていない。ほぼ毎日を暗い室内で休んで過ごすか,多くの医師の診察を受けに行く。パンデミック初期に感染して現在も不調が続いている彼女は,いわゆる「ロングCOVID」の症状を呈した国内で最初の人々のひとりだ。この後遺症は感染から3カ月以上,ときには何年も体調不良が続く。専門家の間では「新型コロナウイルス急性感染後後遺症(PASC)」と呼ばれている。 | |
People with long COVID have symptoms such as pain, extreme fatigue and “brain fog,” or difficulty concentrating or remembering things. As of February 2022, the syndrome was estimated to affect about 16 million adults in the U.S. and had forced between two million and four million Americans out of the workforce, many of whom have yet to return. Long COVID often arises in otherwise healthy young people, and it can follow even a mild initial infection. The risk appears at least slightly higher in people who were hospitalized for COVID and in older adults (who end up in the hospital more often). Women and those at socioeconomic disadvantage also face higher risk, as do people who smoke, are obese, or have any of an array of health conditions, particularly autoimmune disease. Vaccination appears to reduce the danger but does not entirely prevent long COVID. | 症状には痛みや極度の疲労,集中や物事の想起が難しい「ブレインフォグ」などがある。米国では2022年2月時点で約1600万人の成人が後遺症を患い,200万〜400万人が仕事ができない状態だったと推定され,その多くはまだ職場復帰を果たしていない。その他の点では健康な若者に後遺症が生じることがしばしばで,コロナ感染が軽くても起こりうる。COVIDで入院した人や高齢者(高齢者は入院する例が多い)は,後遺症のリスクが少し高くなるようだ。喫煙者や肥満者,その他の健康問題(特に自己免疫疾患)を抱えている人に加え,社会経済的に不利な立場にある女性も後遺症のリスクが高い。ワクチン接種はリスクを下げるようだが,完全には防げない。 | |
The most common, persistent and disabling symptoms of long COVID are neurological. Some are easily recognized as brain- or nerve-related: many people experience cognitive dysfunction in the form of difficulty with memory, attention, sleep and mood. Others may seem rooted more in the body than the brain, such as pain and post-exertional malaise (PEM), a kind of “energy crash” that people experience after even mild exercise. But those, too, result from nerve dysfunction, often in the autonomic nervous system. | 患者の重荷となっている一般的な長期症状のほとんどは神経的なものだ。その一部は脳や神経に関係していることが容易に見て取れる。多くの人が,記憶力や注意力の低下,睡眠障害,気分障害などの形で認知的な機能不全を経験している。他方では,脳よりも体に原因があるように思える症状もある。疼痛や,軽い運動をしただけでへとへとになる労作後倦怠感(PEM)などだ。だが,これらも神経の機能不全に由来しており,自律神経系の不調によることが多い。 |